English vocabulary · B2

These are the 1,009 words that English courses and textbooks teach at level B2 (Upper intermediate). Each one comes with a definition and an example sentence in English, with no translation: the way native speakers learn.

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Word	Meaning	Example
abuse	Cruel or harmful treatment of a person or animal, or the wrong use of something.	The charity helps children who have suffered abuse* at home.*
acceptance	The act of agreeing to receive something, or of believing that something is true or right.	Her acceptance* of the job offer surprised everyone in the office.*
accusation	A statement saying that someone has done something wrong or illegal.	He strongly denied the accusation* that he had stolen the money.*
acquisition	The act of getting something, especially a company, a skill or a valuable object.	The museum's latest acquisition* is a painting by a famous Dutch artist.*
activist	A person who works hard to bring about social or environmental change.	An environmental activist* chained herself to a tree to stop it being cut down.*
adaptation	A film, play or book made from another work, or the process of changing to suit new conditions.	The TV adaptation* of the novel was even more popular than the book.*
administration	The work of managing and organising a business, school or other organisation.	She spends half her day on administration* instead of teaching.*
adolescence	The period of life when a child is developing into an adult.	Many people find adolescence* a difficult and confusing time.*
advocate	A person who publicly supports a particular idea, policy or way of life.	My aunt is a strong advocate* of cycling to work.*
aftermath	The period of time after a bad event such as a war, storm or accident.	In the aftermath* of the flood, volunteers helped clean the streets.*
agenda	A list of things that people will discuss at a meeting.	The first item on the agenda* is the new holiday policy.*
aggression	Angry or violent behaviour towards another person or animal.	The dog showed no signs of aggression* towards the children.*
agriculture	The science or work of farming, growing crops and raising animals.	Most people in the valley still earn their living from agriculture.
allegation	A claim that someone has done something wrong, usually made without proof.	The minister said the allegation* of fraud was completely false.*
alliance	An agreement between countries or groups to work together for a shared purpose.	The two companies formed an alliance* to compete with bigger rivals.*
allowance	An amount of money given regularly to someone, or an amount of something that is permitted.	Your baggage allowance* on this flight is 23 kilograms.*
alteration	A small change made to something, especially to clothes or a building.	The tailor made a few alterations* to my wedding dress.*
ambassador	An official who represents their country in another country.	The Spanish ambassador* attended the ceremony in London.*
analysis	The careful study of something in detail in order to understand or explain it.	A detailed analysis* of the data showed that sales were falling.*
analyst	A person whose job is to study information carefully and explain what it means.	A financial analyst* predicted that prices would rise next year.*
ancestor	A member of your family who lived a long time before you.	My ancestor* came to this country from Ireland in the 1850s.*
angle	The space between two lines that meet, or a particular way of looking at a situation.	The journalist tried to find a new angle* for the old story.*
anniversary	The date on which an important event happened in a previous year.	My parents are celebrating their 30th wedding anniversary* next week.*
anticipation	A feeling of excitement about something that is going to happen.	The crowd waited in anticipation* for the band to come on stage.*
appeal	A request to a higher court to change a decision, or an urgent request for help.	The police have made an appeal* for witnesses to come forward.*
appliance	A machine used in the home, such as a fridge or washing machine.	The kitchen comes with every modern appliance* you could need.*
appreciation	The feeling of being grateful for something, or understanding the value of something.	We gave her flowers as a sign of our appreciation* for her help.*
assault	A violent physical attack on a person.	The man was arrested for assault* after a fight outside the bar.*
asset	A person or thing that is useful or valuable, or something valuable that someone owns.	Her ability to speak four languages is a great asset* to the team.*
assumption	Something that you believe is true without having proof.	Don't make the assumption* that everyone agrees with you.*
assurance	A promise that something will certainly happen or is true.	The manager gave us his assurance* that the problem would be fixed.*
asylum	Protection given by a country to people who have escaped danger in their own country.	The family applied for asylum* after fleeing the war.*
authority	The power to give orders or make decisions, or an official organisation with this power.	Only the head teacher has the authority* to cancel lessons.*
autonomy	The right of a group or person to make their own decisions without control from others.	The region has had political autonomy* since 1979.*
awareness	Knowledge or understanding that something exists or is important.	The campaign aims to raise awareness* of mental health problems.*
backlash	A strong negative reaction from many people to a decision or event.	The company faced a huge backlash* after raising its prices.*
ban	An official rule that says something is not allowed.	There is a ban* on smoking in all public buildings.*
bankruptcy	The situation of being legally unable to pay your debts.	The shop went into bankruptcy* after years of losing money.*
barrier	Something that stops people from moving forward or from achieving something.	Not speaking the language can be a barrier* to finding work.*
bias	An unfair preference for or against one person, group or idea.	The judges were accused of bias* in favour of the home team.*
bid	An offer of a price for something, or an attempt to achieve something.	Our city has made a bid* to host the next Olympic Games.*
biodiversity	The variety of plants and animals living in a particular area.	The rainforest has an extraordinary level of biodiversity.
boom	A sudden period of fast growth, especially in business or the economy.	The town grew quickly during the tourism boom* of the 1960s.*
boycott	A refusal to buy, use or take part in something as a form of protest.	Students organised a boycott* of the canteen because of the high prices.*
breakthrough	An important discovery or development that solves a problem.	Scientists have made a major breakthrough* in the treatment of the disease.*
bribe	Money or a gift offered to someone to persuade them to do something dishonest.	The official was caught accepting a bribe* from a builder.*
bureaucracy	A complicated system of official rules and processes that causes delays.	Getting a visa involves a lot of bureaucracy* and paperwork.*
burden	A difficult duty or problem that causes worry or hard work.	He didn't want to be a burden* to his children in his old age.*
capacity	The total amount that something can hold, or the ability to do something.	The stadium has a capacity* of 60,000 people.*
capitalism	An economic system in which businesses are owned privately and run for profit.	The professor gave a lecture on the history of capitalism.
casualty	A person who is hurt or killed in an accident or a war.	Luckily, there was only one casualty* in the train crash.*
catastrophe	A sudden event that causes terrible damage or suffering.	The oil spill was an environmental catastrophe* for the coast.*
censorship	The control of books, films or news by removing parts that are thought unacceptable.	Under the old regime, strict censorship* meant many books were banned.*
chaos	A state of complete confusion and lack of order.	The snowstorm caused chaos* on the roads this morning.*
circumstance	A fact or condition that affects a situation.	Under no circumstances* should you open this door.*
civilian	A person who is not a member of the army, navy or police.	Many civilians* were forced to leave their homes during the fighting.*
civilisation	A developed human society with its own culture, laws and way of life.	The ancient Egyptian civilisation* lasted for thousands of years.*
clash	A fight or serious disagreement between two groups.	There was a clash* between police and protesters outside the stadium.*
coalition	A group of political parties or organisations that work together for a time.	The two parties formed a coalition* after the election.*
collapse	The sudden fall of a structure, or the sudden failure of a system or business.	The collapse* of the bridge closed the road for months.*
colony	A country or area controlled by another, more powerful country.	The island was a British colony* until 1960.*
commitment	A promise to do something, or a willingness to give time and energy to something.	Having a dog is a big commitment, so think carefully.
commission	An extra payment based on how much you sell, or an official group that investigates something.	Sales staff earn a commission* on every car they sell.*
commodity	A product that can be bought and sold, such as oil, coffee or gold.	Water is becoming a precious commodity* in many dry countries.*
compensation	Money paid to someone because they have been hurt or have lost something.	The airline paid us compensation* for the delayed flight.*
competence	The ability to do something well or effectively.	Nobody doubts her competence* as a doctor.*
competitor	A person or company trying to win or be more successful than others.	Our main competitor* has just lowered its prices.*
complexity	The state of having many parts that are connected in a complicated way.	The complexity* of the tax system confuses many people.*
compromise	An agreement in which each side gives up part of what it wanted.	After hours of talks, they finally reached a compromise.
concept	A general idea or principle.	The concept* of time travel has always fascinated writers.*
conflict	A serious disagreement or a period of fighting between groups or countries.	The conflict* between the two neighbours lasted for years.*
consensus	General agreement among a group of people.	There is a growing consensus* that we need to act on climate change.*
conservation	The protection of nature, animals and old buildings from damage.	She works for a wildlife conservation* project in Kenya.*
consideration	Careful thought about something, or kindness towards other people's feelings.	After careful consideration, we have decided to accept the offer.
conspiracy	A secret plan by a group of people to do something harmful or illegal.	The film is about a conspiracy* to steal the crown jewels.*
constitution	The set of basic laws and principles by which a country is governed.	The right to vote is protected by the constitution.
consumer	A person who buys goods or services for their own use.	The new law protects the rights of every consumer.
consumption	The amount of something that is used, eaten or bought.	We are trying to reduce our energy consumption* at home.*
controversy	A lot of public disagreement or argument about something.	The new stadium design caused a lot of controversy.
convention	A large formal meeting of people with the same interest, or a traditional way of behaving.	Thousands of fans attended the comic book convention* in Bristol.*
conviction	A strong belief, or an official decision in court that someone is guilty.	She spoke with great conviction* about the need for change.*
cooperation	The act of working together with others to achieve something.	Thank you for your cooperation* during the building work.*
corporation	A large company or group of companies.	He works as a lawyer for a multinational corporation.
corruption	Dishonest or illegal behaviour by people in power, such as accepting money.	The mayor promised to fight corruption* in the city council.*
coverage	The way news reports describe an event, or the amount of protection an insurance plan gives.	The TV coverage* of the match was excellent.*
creativity	The ability to produce new and original ideas or things.	The art teacher encourages creativity* in all her students.*
credibility	The quality of being believed or trusted.	The scandal damaged the politician's credibility.
credit	An arrangement to pay later for something you buy, or praise for something you have done.	She deserves the credit* for organising the whole event.*
crop	A plant grown in large amounts, such as wheat or rice, or the amount collected.	The farmers lost most of their crop* because of the drought.*
cuisine	A style of cooking typical of a particular country or region.	I love Thai cuisine, especially the spicy curries.
curriculum	All the subjects taught in a school, college or course.	Coding is now part of the primary school curriculum.
cutback	A reduction in something, especially in spending or staff.	Government cutbacks* have forced the library to close on Sundays.*
dealer	A person who buys and sells a particular type of goods.	We bought our car from a local dealer.
decline	A gradual reduction in amount, quality or importance.	There has been a steady decline* in the number of bees.*
deficit	The amount by which money spent is more than money received.	The government wants to reduce the budget deficit.
deforestation	The cutting down of trees over a large area.	Deforestation is destroying the habitat of many animals.
delegate	A person chosen to represent a group at a meeting or conference.	Each country sent one delegate* to the climate conference.*
demonstration	A public protest by a group of people, or an act of showing how something works.	Thousands joined the demonstration* against the new airport.*
dependence	The state of needing someone or something in order to survive or succeed.	The country wants to reduce its dependence* on imported oil.*
deprivation	A lack of the basic things people need, such as food, sleep or money.	Sleep deprivation* can affect your memory and mood.*
descendant	A person related to someone who lived in the past.	He claims to be a descendant* of a famous pirate.*
detention	The state of being kept somewhere officially, or a punishment of staying late at school.	Tom got a detention* for talking during the exam.*
deterioration	The process of becoming worse.	Doctors were worried about the deterioration* in his health.*
dictator	A ruler who has complete power over a country and was not elected.	The dictator* ruled the country for over thirty years.*
dignity	A calm and serious manner that earns respect, or the feeling that you deserve respect.	Everyone deserves to be treated with dignity.
dilemma	A situation in which you have to make a difficult choice.	I'm in a dilemma: should I take the job or stay at university?
diplomacy	The work of managing relations between countries, or skill in dealing with people politely.	The crisis was finally solved through careful diplomacy.
disability	A condition that makes it difficult for a person to do certain things.	The building has lifts for people with a physical disability.
discipline	Training people to obey rules, or the ability to control your own behaviour.	Learning an instrument requires a lot of discipline.
discrimination	Unfair treatment of a person or group because of their race, sex, age or religion.	The law protects workers from discrimination* based on age.*
dispute	A serious disagreement, especially between groups or organisations.	The dispute* between the workers and management lasted two months.*
distinction	A clear difference between two similar things.	It is important to make a distinction* between facts and opinions.*
distribution	The way something is shared out or delivered to different people or places.	The distribution* of food to the villages was organised by the Red Cross.*
diversity	The fact of including many different types of people or things.	The city is famous for its cultural diversity.
dominance	Power or control over others.	The team's dominance* of the league continued for another season.*
donation	Money or goods that you give to help a person or organisation.	She made a generous donation* to the children's hospital.*
donor	A person who gives blood, money or a body organ to help others.	Without a kidney from a donor, he would not have survived.
drawback	A disadvantage or problem that makes something less attractive.	The only drawback* of the flat is that it has no lift.*
drought	A long period of time with little or no rain.	The drought* has left the reservoirs almost empty.*
economy	The system by which a country produces and uses goods, services and money.	Tourism plays a key role in the Greek economy.
efficiency	The quality of doing something well without wasting time, money or energy.	The new machines have improved the factory's efficiency.
elite	A small group of people who have the most power, money or skill in a society.	Only the sporting elite* can compete at the Olympics.*
emergence	The process of appearing or becoming known for the first time.	The emergence* of social media changed how we share news.*
emission	Gas or another substance that is sent out into the air.	Cars are a major source of carbon emissions.
emphasis	Special importance or attention given to something.	The school places great emphasis* on sport and outdoor activities.*
empire	A group of countries ruled by a single person or government.	The Roman empire* once stretched across most of Europe.*
enforcement	The process of making sure that people obey a law or rule.	Stricter enforcement* of speed limits has reduced accidents.*
enterprise	A business or company, or a new and difficult project.	The farm shop is a small family enterprise.
entrepreneur	A person who starts their own business, often taking financial risks.	At 22, she was already a successful entrepreneur* with three shops.*
epidemic	A large number of cases of a disease in one area at the same time.	A flu epidemic* closed several schools last winter.*
equivalent	Something that has the same value, amount or meaning as something else.	There is no exact English equivalent* of this Spanish word.*
era	A long period of history with particular features.	The invention of the internet started a new era.
erosion	The gradual damage of land or rock by wind, water or ice.	Trees help to prevent soil erosion* on the hills.*
essence	The most important quality or basic nature of something.	The essence* of good teaching is patience.*
ethics	Moral principles that control what people think is right or wrong.	The debate raised questions about medical ethics.
evaluation	The process of judging how good, useful or successful something is.	Every teacher receives an annual evaluation* of their work.*
evolution	The gradual development of living things or ideas over a long time.	Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution.
exaggeration	A statement that makes something seem bigger, better or worse than it really is.	It's no exaggeration* to say this was the best holiday of my life.*
exception	A person or thing that is not included in a general rule.	Everyone was on time, with the exception* of Mark.*
exclusion	The act of not allowing someone to take part in something.	The player's exclusion* from the team surprised the fans.*
execution	The act of killing someone as an official punishment, or the way something is carried out.	The plan was good, but the execution* was poor.*
expansion	The process of becoming larger in size, number or importance.	The company's rapid expansion* created hundreds of new jobs.*
expectation	A belief that something will happen or that someone should behave in a certain way.	The film didn't live up to my expectations.
expenditure	The total amount of money spent by a person, organisation or government.	Public expenditure* on health has increased this year.*
exploitation	The unfair treatment of people, often by paying them very little for their work.	The report revealed the exploitation* of workers in clothing factories.*
export	A product sold and sent to another country.	Wine is one of France's most important exports.
exposure	The state of being in a situation where you are not protected from something harmful.	Too much exposure* to the sun can damage your skin.*
extinction	The situation in which a type of animal or plant no longer exists.	The tiger is in danger of extinction* in the wild.*
facility	Buildings, equipment or services provided for a particular purpose.	The hotel has excellent sports facilities, including a pool and a gym.
faculty	A department or group of departments in a university, or a natural ability of the mind or body.	She teaches in the faculty* of law at Edinburgh University.*
famine	A situation in which large numbers of people have too little food and many die.	The famine* of 1845 forced millions of people to leave Ireland.*
federation	A group of states, clubs or organisations that have joined together.	The national football federation* announced the new rules yesterday.*
finding	Information discovered as the result of a study or investigation.	The findings* of the research will be published next month.*
flaw	A mistake or weakness that makes something less perfect or effective.	There is a serious flaw* in your argument.*
footage	Film or video recording of a particular event.	The police are examining CCTV footage* of the robbery.*
forecast	A statement about what is expected to happen, especially with the weather.	The weather forecast* says it will rain all weekend.*
foundation	The basic idea or part on which something is built, or an organisation that gives money to good causes.	A good education is the foundation* for a successful career.*
fraud	The crime of tricking people in order to get money dishonestly.	The bank manager was sent to prison for fraud.
frustration	The feeling of being annoyed because you cannot do or change something.	She shouted in frustration* when her computer crashed again.*
fund	An amount of money collected or saved for a particular purpose.	The school has set up a fund* to buy new computers.*
fundraising	The activity of collecting money for a charity or organisation.	The fundraising* event raised over five thousand pounds for the hospital.*
globalisation	The process by which businesses and cultures around the world become more connected.	Globalisation means you can buy the same products in almost every country.
grant	An amount of money given by a government or organisation for a particular purpose.	She received a grant* to study music in Vienna.*
grievance	A complaint about something you think is unfair.	Workers who have a grievance* should speak to their manager first.*
guideline	Advice or information on how something should be done.	Please follow the safety guidelines* when using the equipment.*
habitat	The natural home of an animal or plant.	Pollution is destroying the habitat* of many sea birds.*
harassment	Behaviour that annoys, threatens or upsets someone again and again.	The company has strict rules against harassment* in the workplace.*
hardship	A situation that is difficult and unpleasant, often because of a lack of money.	The family suffered great hardship* after the factory closed.*
harmony	A situation in which people live or work together peacefully, or notes sung together.	People of many cultures live in harmony* in this neighbourhood.*
hazard	Something that could be dangerous or cause damage.	Wet floors are a common hazard* in hospitals.*
heir	A person who will receive money, property or a title when someone dies.	As the only son, he was the heir* to his father's fortune.*
hierarchy	A system in which people or things are arranged according to their importance.	She quickly rose through the company hierarchy.
hostage	A person kept as a prisoner until certain demands are met.	The robbers held a bank worker hostage* for six hours.*
hostility	Unfriendly or aggressive behaviour or feelings.	The new manager was met with hostility* from the staff.*
housing	Buildings for people to live in, considered as a group.	The city needs more affordable housing* for young families.*
hypothesis	An idea or explanation that has not yet been proved.	The scientists designed an experiment to test their hypothesis.
ideology	A set of beliefs or ideas, especially about politics or society.	The two parties have very different ideologies* and goals.*
immigrant	A person who has come to live permanently in a foreign country.	My grandfather arrived in Canada as an immigrant* in 1952.*
immigration	The process of people coming to live permanently in a country.	The country has strict rules on immigration.
implication	A possible effect or result of an action or decision.	Have you thought about the implications* of leaving your job?*
import	A product brought into a country from another country.	Cheap imports* from abroad have hurt local farmers.*
incentive	Something that encourages a person to do something.	The company offers a bonus as an incentive* to work harder.*
incident	An event, especially one that is unusual or unpleasant.	Police are investigating an incident* outside the nightclub.*
inclusion	The act of making sure that everyone can take part, or of adding something to a group.	The school's policy of inclusion* welcomes children of all abilities.*
inequality	An unfair situation in which some people have more money or chances than others.	The report shows growing inequality* between rich and poor.*
inflation	A general rise in prices over time.	Inflation has made food much more expensive this year.
infrastructure	The basic systems a country needs, such as roads, bridges, water and power.	The government will invest heavily in transport infrastructure.
initiative	A new plan to solve a problem, or the ability to act without being told.	She showed initiative* by solving the problem without asking for help.*
injustice	A situation in which people are treated very unfairly.	He spent his life fighting injustice* and poverty.*
innovation	A new idea, method or invention.	The company is famous for its innovation* in electric cars.*
input	Ideas, advice or effort that you add to help something succeed.	Thank you all for your input* at today's meeting.*
insight	A clear and deep understanding of something complicated.	The book gives a fascinating insight* into life in ancient Rome.*
inspection	An official visit to check that something is correct or safe.	The restaurant passed its hygiene inspection* with top marks.*
inspiration	Someone or something that gives you new ideas or makes you want to do something.	The Scottish hills were the inspiration* for her latest novel.*
instinct	A natural way of behaving or feeling that is not learned.	My instinct* told me something was wrong.*
institution	A large and important organisation, such as a university or bank.	The British Museum is one of the country's best-known institutions.
integration	The process of becoming part of a group or society, or of combining things.	Language classes help the integration* of newcomers into the community.*
integrity	The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles.	She is a woman of great integrity* who never lies.*
interaction	Communication or activity between two or more people or things.	The game encourages interaction* between parents and children.*
interpretation	A particular explanation of the meaning of something.	Each actor brings a different interpretation* to the role of Hamlet.*
intervention	The act of becoming involved in a situation to improve it or stop it getting worse.	Without the doctor's quick intervention, the patient might have died.
invasion	An attack in which an army enters another country by force.	The invasion* of the island began early in the morning.*
investment	Money put into something to make a profit, or the act of doing this.	Buying a house can be a good long-term investment.
investor	A person or organisation that puts money into a business to make a profit.	The start-up is looking for an investor* to help it grow.*
isolation	The state of being alone or separated from other people.	Many elderly people live in isolation* and rarely see anyone.*
judgement	The ability to make good decisions, or an opinion formed after careful thought.	I trust your judgement, so you choose the restaurant.
jurisdiction	The official power to make legal decisions in a particular area.	The case is outside the jurisdiction* of this court.*
labour	Practical work, especially hard physical work, or workers as a group.	The price includes materials and labour.
landlord	A person who rents a house, flat or room to someone.	Our landlord* has agreed to repair the heating.*
landmark	A famous building or place that is easy to recognise.	Big Ben is London's most famous landmark.
lawsuit	A case brought to a court of law by one person or group against another.	The family filed a lawsuit* against the hospital.*
layer	A flat amount of something that covers a surface or lies between other things.	A thick layer* of snow covered the car.*
legacy	Something left behind by a person or event that continues to have an effect.	The Olympic Games left a legacy* of new sports facilities.*
legislation	A law or a set of laws made by a government.	New legislation* will ban plastic bags next year.*
legitimacy	The quality of being legal, fair or acceptable.	The opposition questioned the legitimacy* of the election result.*
liability	Legal responsibility for something, or a person or thing that causes problems.	The company accepted liability* for the accident.*
liberty	The freedom to live as you want without too much control from others.	People fought hard for their liberty* and rights.*
lifetime	The period of time during which someone is alive.	Travelling to Japan was the experience of a lifetime.
literacy	The ability to read and write.	The charity runs literacy* classes for adults.*
livelihood	The way someone earns the money they need to live.	Fishing is the main livelihood* of the islanders.*
lobby	A group that tries to influence politicians, or the entrance hall of a large building.	Let's meet in the hotel lobby* at seven.*
manifesto	A written statement of a political party's aims and plans.	The party's manifesto* promises free childcare for all.*
manufacturer	A company that makes goods in large numbers.	The manufacturer* has recalled thousands of faulty cars.*
margin	The empty space at the side of a page, or the amount by which one thing is bigger than another.	The teacher wrote comments in the margin* of my essay.*
mechanism	A part of a machine that does a particular job, or a system for achieving something.	The clock's mechanism* needs cleaning.*
merger	The joining together of two or more companies into one.	The merger* of the two banks created the largest bank in Europe.*
migrant	A person who moves from one place to another, especially to find work.	Many migrants* work on farms during the harvest season.*
migration	The movement of people or animals from one place to another.	We watched the migration* of thousands of birds heading south.*
militant	A person who uses extreme or violent methods to achieve political aims.	The government refused to negotiate with the militants.
minimum	The smallest amount or number that is possible or allowed.	You need a minimum* of three people to play this game.*
misconception	An idea that is wrong because it is based on poor understanding.	It's a common misconception* that bats are blind.*
mobility	The ability to move freely or easily from one place, job or class to another.	After the operation, his mobility* improved a lot.*
monopoly	Complete control of a business or activity by one company or group.	For years, one company had a monopoly* on the railways.*
morality	Principles about what is right and wrong behaviour.	The film raises interesting questions about morality.
mortgage	A loan from a bank to buy a house or flat.	They took out a mortgage* to buy their first home.*
motive	A reason for doing something, especially something bad.	The police still don't know the motive* for the attack.*
myth	An ancient traditional story, or a common belief that is not true.	It's a myth* that goldfish only have a three-second memory.*
negotiation	Formal discussion in which people try to reach an agreement.	After weeks of negotiations, the two sides signed a deal.
neutrality	The state of not supporting either side in a disagreement or war.	Switzerland is famous for its neutrality* during wars.*
norm	A usual or accepted way of behaving, or a typical standard.	Working from home has become the norm* for many people.*
notion	An idea or belief about something.	I had no notion* of how difficult the job would be.*
obesity	The condition of being extremely overweight in a way that is dangerous for health.	Lack of exercise is one cause of obesity* in children.*
objection	A reason for not agreeing with or approving of something.	Does anyone have an objection* to the plan?*
obligation	Something that you must do because of a law, promise or duty.	You are under no obligation* to buy anything.*
observation	The act of watching something carefully, or a remark about something you have noticed.	The patient was kept in hospital for observation.
obstacle	Something that blocks your way or makes it difficult to succeed.	Lack of money was the biggest obstacle* to his plans.*
occupation	A job or profession, or the control of a country by a foreign army.	Please write your name and occupation* on the form.*
offender	A person who has committed a crime.	The programme helps young offenders* find work after prison.*
opponent	A person you are competing against in a game, contest or argument.	She beat her opponent* in straight sets.*
opposition	Strong disagreement with something, or the main political party not in power.	There was strong opposition* to the plan to close the hospital.*
oppression	Cruel and unfair treatment of people by those in power.	The novel describes a nation living under oppression.
outbreak	The sudden start of something unpleasant, such as a disease or war.	There has been an outbreak* of food poisoning at the school.*
output	The amount of something that a person, machine or factory produces.	The factory has doubled its output* since last year.*
overview	A short description that gives the main facts about something.	The first chapter gives a general overview* of the subject.*
ownership	The fact of legally having something.	Home ownership* is becoming harder for young people.*
parliament	The group of elected people who make the laws of a country.	The new law was approved by parliament* yesterday.*
participation	The act of taking part in an activity or event.	Student participation* in class discussions is very important.*
pandemic	A disease that spreads over a whole country or the whole world.	During the pandemic, many people worked from home.
perception	The way you notice or understand something, or a belief based on how things seem.	There is a general perception* that the city is unsafe at night.*
perspective	A particular way of thinking about something.	Living abroad gave me a new perspective* on my own country.*
petition	A document signed by many people asking someone in authority to do something.	Over 10,000 people signed the petition* to save the park.*
pioneer	One of the first people to do something new or explore a new area.	Marie Curie was a pioneer* in the study of radioactivity.*
pledge	A serious promise to do something.	World leaders made a pledge* to cut pollution by 2030.*
poll	A survey in which people are asked their opinion about something.	A recent poll* shows that most people support the plan.*
portion	A part of something larger, or an amount of food for one person.	The restaurant serves huge portions* of chips.*
possession	The state of having something, or something that you own.	Her most treasured possession* is her grandmother's ring.*
precaution	Something you do to stop something bad or dangerous from happening.	As a precaution, take an umbrella with you.
prejudice	An unfair opinion about a person or group, formed without good reason.	We must fight prejudice* against people from other cultures.*
premise	An idea that an argument, theory or story is based on.	The film's premise* is that dinosaurs have returned to Earth.*
presence	The fact of being in a particular place.	Your presence* at the meeting is required.*
preservation	The act of keeping something in its original state or in good condition.	The society works for the preservation* of old buildings.*
prevention	The act of stopping something bad from happening.	Crime prevention* is the job of the whole community.*
privilege	A special advantage that only some people have, or an honour.	It was a privilege* to meet such a famous scientist.*
prosecution	The process of accusing someone of a crime in court, or the lawyers who do this.	The prosecution* claimed that the man was lying.*
prospect	The possibility that something will happen, or chances of future success.	The prospect* of a long winter made her feel sad.*
prosperity	The state of being successful and having a lot of money.	The new factory brought prosperity* to the whole region.*
protection	The act of keeping someone or something safe from harm.	This cream offers good protection* against the sun.*
provision	The act of supplying something that people need, or a condition in a legal document.	The council is responsible for the provision* of school meals.*
punishment	Something done to a person because they have broken a rule or law.	As a punishment, she couldn't use her phone for a week.
quota	A fixed number or amount of something that is officially allowed.	There is a strict quota* on the number of fish that can be caught.*
racism	Unfair treatment of people because of their race, or the belief that one race is better than others.	The football club has launched a campaign against racism.
radiation	A form of energy that comes from some substances and can be dangerous to health.	Workers at the power station wear special badges to measure radiation.
ratio	The relationship between two amounts, shown as two numbers.	The ratio* of students to teachers in this school is 20 to 1.*
rebellion	Violent action against a government, or behaviour that goes against authority.	The army quickly put down the rebellion.
recession	A period when a country's economy is doing badly and many people lose their jobs.	Thousands of businesses closed during the recession.
recognition	The act of knowing someone or something you have seen before, or public praise.	She received an award in recognition* of her work with refugees.*
recovery	The process of getting better after an illness, or of returning to a normal state.	We wish you a quick recovery* after your operation.*
recruitment	The process of finding new people to join a company or organisation.	The army has started a new recruitment* campaign.*
referendum	A vote in which all the people in a country decide on a single question.	The government will hold a referendum* on the issue next year.*
reform	A change made to improve a system, law or organisation.	The new government promised reform* of the education system.*
refuge	A place that gives protection from danger or trouble.	During the storm, we took refuge* in a small café.*
refugee	A person forced to leave their country because of war or danger.	The camp provides shelter for every refugee* arriving from the border.*
regime	A government, especially one that rules strictly, or a fixed plan of diet or exercise.	The athlete follows a strict training regime.
regulation	An official rule made by a government or organisation.	All restaurants must follow strict hygiene regulations.
rehabilitation	The process of helping someone return to a normal life after illness, injury or prison.	After the accident, she spent months in rehabilitation.
remedy	A cure for an illness, or a way of solving a problem.	Honey and lemon is a good remedy* for a sore throat.*
renewal	The act of making something valid for a longer period, or of improving an old area.	Your passport renewal* should arrive within three weeks.*
representative	A person chosen to speak or act for another person or a group.	A representative* from each class will attend the student council.*
republic	A country with no king or queen, usually governed by elected leaders and a president.	France became a republic* after the revolution.*
resentment	A feeling of anger because you have been treated unfairly.	There is growing resentment* among staff about the low pay.*
residence	The place where someone lives, or the fact of living in a place.	The palace is the official residence* of the king.*
resident	A person who lives in a particular place.	Every resident* of the building received a letter about the repairs.*
resistance	The act of fighting against something, or refusing to accept it.	The plan met strong resistance* from local people.*
resolution	A firm decision to do something, or a formal decision made by a group.	My New Year's resolution* is to go to bed earlier.*
restriction	An official limit on what people can do.	There are restrictions* on how much liquid you can take on a plane.*
retirement	The time when you stop working, usually because of your age.	My father plans to travel a lot during his retirement.
revenue	The money that a company or government receives, especially from sales or taxes.	Advertising is the main source of revenue* for the website.*
revival	The process of becoming popular, active or strong again.	Vinyl records have enjoyed a revival* in recent years.*
rights	The things that people are legally or morally allowed to have or do.	The organisation campaigns for children's rights* around the world.*
riot	A situation in which a large crowd behaves violently in a public place.	The police were called to stop a riot* after the match.*
robbery	The crime of stealing money or goods from a person or place, often using violence.	There was an armed robbery* at the bank this morning.*
sacrifice	The act of giving up something important to help someone else or to achieve something.	Her parents made many sacrifices* so that she could go to university.*
sanction	An official order that limits trade with a country to make it obey rules.	Several countries imposed economic sanctions* on the government.*
scandal	An event that shocks the public because people think it is morally wrong.	The minister resigned after a financial scandal.
scenario	A description of a possible situation or of how events might develop.	In the worst scenario, we will have to cancel the concert.
scheme	An official plan or system for doing something.	The council has launched a scheme* to plant more trees.*
scope	The range of things that a subject or activity deals with, or the chance to do something.	That question is beyond the scope* of today's lesson.*
sector	A particular part of a country's economy or of society.	She has worked in the public sector* all her life.*
segment	One of the parts into which something is divided.	He cut the orange into small segments.
settlement	An official agreement that ends an argument, or a place where people have come to live.	The two companies reached a settlement* out of court.*
shareholder	A person who owns part of a company.	Every shareholder* will receive a share of the profits.*
shelter	A place that protects you from bad weather or danger, or the protection it gives.	We found shelter* from the rain under a bridge.*
slavery	The system of owning people and forcing them to work without pay.	Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833.
solidarity	Support and agreement between people who share the same aims or problems.	Workers went on strike in solidarity* with their colleagues.*
sovereignty	The power of a country to govern itself without control from others.	The island's sovereignty* has been disputed for centuries.*
specialist	A person who has a lot of skill or knowledge in one particular area.	My doctor sent me to see a heart specialist.
speculation	Guesses about something without knowing all the facts.	There is a lot of speculation* about who the new coach will be.*
spokesperson	A person chosen to speak officially for a group or organisation.	A spokesperson* for the airline apologised for the delays.*
stability	The state of being steady and not likely to change or fail.	Children need stability* and routine in their lives.*
stake	A share in a business, or something that you could win or lose.	She owns a 20 per cent stake* in the company.*
stance	A publicly stated opinion about something.	What is the party's stance* on nuclear energy?*
stereotype	A fixed but often wrong idea about what a type of person or thing is like.	The film challenges the stereotype* that old people can't use technology.*
stimulus	Something that causes growth, activity or a reaction.	Lower taxes could act as a stimulus* to the economy.*
strike	A period when workers refuse to work, usually to get better pay or conditions.	The train drivers are on strike* today, so I'll take the bus.*
subsidy	Money that a government gives to help pay for something and keep its price low.	Farmers receive a subsidy* for growing certain crops.*
suburb	An area where people live on the edge of a city.	They moved from the city centre to a quiet suburb.
summit	The top of a mountain, or an important meeting between leaders of governments.	We reached the summit* just as the sun came up.*
supporter	A person who likes a sports team or agrees with an idea and helps it.	He has been a Liverpool supporter* since he was a child.*
surveillance	The careful watching of people, especially by the police or the army.	The suspect was kept under surveillance* for several weeks.*
suspicion	A feeling that someone has done something wrong, or that something is true.	I have a suspicion* that he isn't telling the truth.*
sustainability	The ability to continue for a long time without harming the environment.	The hotel takes sustainability* seriously and uses solar power.*
sympathy	The feeling of being sorry for someone who is in a bad situation.	We all felt great sympathy* for the family.*
taxpayer	A person who pays money to the government from their income.	The new bridge cost the taxpayer* millions of pounds.*
tenant	A person who pays rent to live in or use a building or land.	The new tenant* moves into the flat next month.*
terrorism	The use of violence to frighten people for political aims.	Airports have strict security to prevent terrorism.
testimony	A formal statement saying what is true, especially one made in a court.	The witness's testimony* helped to convict the thief.*
threshold	The level at which something starts to happen, or the floor at the entrance to a room.	She has a very low pain threshold.
tolerance	The willingness to accept beliefs or behaviour that are different from your own.	The school teaches tolerance* and respect for others.*
tourism	The business of providing services for people on holiday.	Tourism is the island's biggest source of income.
trafficking	The illegal buying, selling or moving of goods or people.	The police have arrested a gang involved in drug trafficking.
transaction	The act of buying or selling something, or an exchange of money.	Every transaction* is recorded on your bank statement.*
transition	The process of changing from one state or situation to another.	The transition* from school to university can be hard.*
transparency	The quality of being open and honest so that people can see what is happening.	Voters are demanding more transparency* in how public money is spent.*
treaty	A written agreement between two or more countries.	The two countries signed a peace treaty* in 1919.*
tribe	A group of families who share the same language, culture and traditions.	The tribe* has lived in the forest for hundreds of years.*
troops	Soldiers, especially large groups of them.	The government sent troops* to help after the earthquake.*
turnout	The number of people who come to an event or vote in an election.	There was a high turnout* at the local elections.*
uncertainty	A situation in which something is not known or not sure.	There is a lot of uncertainty* about the future of the factory.*
unrest	A situation in which people are angry and likely to protest or fight.	The price rises led to social unrest* in several cities.*
upbringing	The way a child is cared for and taught by their parents.	She had a strict upbringing* in a small village.*
uprising	An attempt by a large group of people to fight against those in power.	The uprising* was quickly put down by the army.*
urbanisation	The process by which more and more people move from the countryside to cities.	Rapid urbanisation* has created traffic problems in the region.*
validity	The state of being legally acceptable, or based on facts and good reasoning.	Scientists questioned the validity* of the study's results.*
vandalism	The crime of deliberately damaging public or private property.	The bus shelter was destroyed by vandalism.
verdict	The official decision made by a court about whether someone is guilty.	The jury reached a verdict* of not guilty.*
veteran	A person who has been a soldier in a war, or who has a lot of experience in a job.	My grandfather was a veteran* of the Second World War.*
viewpoint	A particular way of thinking about a subject, or a place with a good view.	Try to understand the problem from her viewpoint.
vision	The ability to see, or a clear idea of what the future could be like.	The new director has a clear vision* for the company.*
vulnerability	The state of being easy to hurt, attack or damage.	The attack showed the vulnerability* of the computer system.*
wage	The money someone is paid for their work, usually every week.	The wage* for this job is twelve pounds an hour.*
warfare	The activity of fighting a war, especially using particular weapons or methods.	The museum shows how warfare* changed over the centuries.*
whistle-blower	A person who tells the public or the authorities about illegal activity inside an organisation.	A whistle-blower* revealed that the company had been hiding its losses.*
workforce	All the people who work for a company, or in a country.	Half of the company's workforce* works from home.*
workload	The amount of work that a person has to do.	Teachers complain that their workload* is too heavy.*
abandon	To leave someone or something and not return, or to stop doing something.	The puppy had been abandoned* by the side of the road.*
abolish	To officially end a law, system or custom.	The government abolished* the death penalty in 1965.*
absorb	To take in a liquid, gas or energy, or to learn and understand information.	This towel absorbs* water really well.*
accelerate	To go faster, or to make something happen sooner.	The driver began to accelerate* as the lights turned green.*
accommodate	To provide space or a place to stay for someone.	The hotel can accommodate* up to 200 guests.*
accumulate	To collect or gather a large amount of something over time.	Over the years, he accumulated* a huge collection of stamps.*
accuse	To say that someone has done something wrong or illegal.	She accused* her brother of reading her diary.*
acknowledge	To accept or admit that something is true or exists.	He refused to acknowledge* that he had made a mistake.*
acquire	To get or obtain something, such as a skill, knowledge or property.	She acquired* excellent French while living in Paris.*
adapt	To change your behaviour or ideas to suit a new situation.	It took the children a few weeks to adapt* to their new school.*
adjust	To change something slightly to make it work better or fit better.	You can adjust* the height of the chair with this lever.*
administer	To manage or organise something, or to give medicine to someone.	The nurse will administer* the vaccine in your arm.*
adopt	To legally take another person's child into your family, or to start using a new method.	They adopted* a little girl from China.*
advocate	To publicly support a particular idea or way of doing things.	The report advocates* a ban on junk food adverts.*
affect	To have an influence on someone or something, or cause a change in them.	Lack of sleep can affect* your concentration.*
allocate	To give an amount of money, time or space to someone for a particular purpose.	Each student was allocated* a locker for their books.*
alter	To change something, usually slightly.	We had to alter* our plans because of the weather.*
analyse	To study something in detail to understand or explain it.	Scientists will analyse* the samples in the laboratory.*
anticipate	To expect something to happen and to be ready for it.	The journey took longer than we had anticipated.
appeal	To make a serious request for help, or to ask a higher court to change a decision.	The police have appealed* for information about the missing girl.*
assess	To judge the quality, value or importance of something.	Teachers will assess* each student's progress at the end of term.*
assign	To give someone a particular job or piece of work.	Each member of the team was assigned* a different task.*
assume	To believe something is true without having proof.	I assumed* you'd already eaten, so I didn't make dinner.*
assure	To tell someone that something is definitely true, to stop them worrying.	I can assure* you that your bag is safe here.*
attain	To succeed in achieving something after a lot of effort.	Few athletes ever attain* such a high level of fitness.*
authorise	To give official permission for something.	Only the manager can authorise* a refund.*
ban	To officially say that something is not allowed.	Mobile phones are banned* in the exam room.*
boost	To increase or improve something.	A good night's sleep will boost* your energy.*
cater	To provide food and drink for an event, or to provide what a particular group needs.	The hotel caters* for families with young children.*
cease	To stop happening or to stop doing something.	The factory ceased* production last year.*
clarify	To make something clearer and easier to understand.	Could you clarify* what you mean by that?*
collaborate	To work together with someone to produce something.	The two artists collaborated* on a new album.*
commemorate	To do something special to remember and honour an important person or event.	A statue was built to commemorate* the soldiers who died.*
commission	To formally ask someone to produce a piece of work for you.	The town council commissioned* a local artist to paint a mural.*
compensate	To pay someone money because they have suffered loss or damage, or to balance a bad effect.	The company will compensate* customers for the delay.*
compile	To collect information from different places and arrange it in a book, list or report.	The researchers compiled* a list of the hundred best novels.*
comply	To obey a rule, law or order.	All restaurants must comply* with the new safety rules.*
conceal	To hide something or keep it secret.	She concealed* the letter under a pile of books.*
concede	To admit, often unwillingly, that something is true, or to allow the other side to score.	He finally conceded* that he had been wrong.*
condemn	To say very strongly that you think something is wrong.	World leaders condemned* the attack on the hospital.*
conduct	To organise and carry out an activity, or to lead an orchestra.	The university conducted* a survey of 2,000 students.*
confess	To admit that you have done something wrong or illegal.	The boy confessed* that he had broken the window.*
confront	To face or deal with a difficult person or situation directly.	She decided to confront* her flatmate about the mess.*
conserve	To protect something from harm, or to use it carefully so it is not wasted.	Turn off the lights to conserve* energy.*
constitute	To be or form something.	Women constitute* half of the company's workforce.*
consult	To go to someone for advice or information.	If the pain continues, consult* your doctor.*
consume	To use, eat or drink something, especially in large amounts.	This old fridge consumes* a lot of electricity.*
contradict	To say the opposite of what someone else has said, or to be different from other facts.	His story contradicts* what the witness told the police.*
convert	To change something into a different form, or to use it for a different purpose.	They converted* the old barn into a holiday home.*
cooperate	To work together with someone, or to help them willingly.	The suspect agreed to cooperate* with the police.*
coordinate	To organise the different parts of an activity so that they work well together.	Her job is to coordinate* the volunteers at the festival.*
correspond	To match or be similar to something, or to write letters to someone.	The number on the ticket corresponds* to your seat.*
counter	To reduce the bad effect of something, or to reply to criticism.	The city is planting trees to counter* the effects of pollution.*
cultivate	To prepare land and grow crops on it, or to develop a skill or relationship.	The monks cultivate* vegetables in the monastery garden.*
deceive	To make someone believe something that is not true.	The salesman deceived* the old lady into paying too much.*
declare	To announce something officially or firmly.	The country declared* independence in 1991.*
decline	To become less in amount or quality, or to politely refuse an invitation.	She declined* the invitation because she was busy.*
dedicate	To give all your energy or time to something, or to say that a book or song is for someone.	He dedicated* his first novel to his mother.*
deduce	To reach an answer by thinking carefully about the known facts.	From the mud on his boots, she deduced* that he had been in the garden.*
demonstrate	To show clearly how something works or that something is true.	The teacher will demonstrate* how to use the microscope.*
depict	To show someone or something in a painting, film or book.	The painting depicts* a storm at sea.*
deprive	To take something important away from someone, or stop them having it.	The noise deprived* us of a good night's sleep.*
derive	To get something from a particular source.	The word "breakfast" derives* from "break" and "fast".*
detect	To notice or discover something that is not easy to see, hear or smell.	The test detected* a small amount of poison in the water.*
deteriorate	To gradually become worse in quality or condition.	The weather is expected to deteriorate* later this afternoon.*
devote	To use all or most of your time or energy for a particular purpose.	She devoted* her life to helping homeless people.*
diminish	To become smaller or less important, or to make something do this.	The painkillers will diminish* the pain quickly.*
discourage	To try to persuade someone not to do something, or to make them less confident.	Her parents discouraged* her from leaving school early.*
dismiss	To decide that something is not important, or to remove someone from their job.	He dismissed* the idea as completely ridiculous.*
disrupt	To stop something from continuing normally by causing a problem.	Heavy snow disrupted* train services across the country.*
dominate	To have control over a person, place or situation, or to be the most important feature.	The home team dominated* the match from start to finish.*
draft	To write the first version of a letter, speech or plan.	I need to draft* my speech for the wedding.*
emerge	To appear or come out from somewhere, or to become known.	A cat suddenly emerged* from behind the bins.*
enable	To make it possible for someone to do something.	This app enables* you to pay for things with your phone.*
enforce	To make sure that people obey a law or rule.	Traffic wardens enforce* the parking rules in the city centre.*
enhance	To improve the quality, value or appearance of something.	A little lemon juice will enhance* the flavour of the fish.*
enrich	To improve the quality of something by adding something to it.	Travelling abroad has enriched* my life in many ways.*
evaluate	To judge how good, useful or successful something is.	We need to evaluate* the results before we make a decision.*
evolve	To develop gradually over a long period of time.	The small village has evolved* into a busy town.*
exaggerate	To make something seem bigger, better or worse than it really is.	Stop exaggerating! The fish wasn't that big.
exceed	To be more than a particular number or amount, or to go beyond an allowed limit.	The driver was fined because he had exceeded* the speed limit.*
exclude	To deliberately not include someone or something, or not let them take part.	Children under 12 are excluded* from the competition.*
execute	To kill someone as an official punishment, or to carry out a plan.	The team executed* the plan perfectly.*
exhibit	To show objects such as paintings in a public place for people to see.	Her photographs were exhibited* in a gallery in Manchester.*
exploit	To treat someone unfairly for your own advantage, or to use something fully.	The workers were exploited* and paid very little.*
export	To sell and send goods to another country.	Brazil exports* huge amounts of coffee every year.*
expose	To uncover something hidden, or to put someone in a situation where they are not protected.	The newspaper exposed* the politician's lies.*
facilitate	To make an action or process easier.	The new software will facilitate* communication between departments.*
fade	To slowly lose colour or brightness, or to slowly disappear.	My favourite jeans have faded* after so many washes.*
finance	To provide the money needed for something.	The new library was financed* by a local businessman.*
fluctuate	To change often, especially in amount or level.	The price of petrol fluctuates* from week to week.*
formulate	To develop a plan or idea and express it carefully.	The committee will formulate* a new policy on recycling.*
foster	To encourage something to develop, or to look after a child who is not your own for a time.	Team games help foster* a sense of cooperation.*
frustrate	To make someone feel annoyed because they cannot do or achieve something.	It really frustrates* me when people are late.*
generalise	To make a general statement based on only a few facts or examples.	You can't generalise* about a whole country after one short visit.*
highlight	To draw attention to something, or to mark text with a bright colour.	The report highlighted* the need for more nurses.*
hinder	To make it difficult for someone to do something or for something to develop.	Bad weather hindered* the rescue efforts.*
implement	To start using a plan, system or law.	The school will implement* the new timetable in September.*
imply	To suggest something without saying it directly.	Are you implying* that I'm lying?*
import	To bring goods into a country from another country.	The UK imports* most of its bananas from South America.*
impose	To introduce a rule, tax or punishment that people must accept.	The government imposed* a new tax on sugary drinks.*
incorporate	To include something as part of a larger thing.	The new design incorporates* many of the customers' suggestions.*
induce	To persuade someone to do something, or to cause something to happen.	Nothing could induce* me to go skydiving.*
infer	To form an opinion from information, rather than being told directly.	What can you infer* from the writer's tone?*
inherit	To receive money or property from someone who has died, or a quality from your parents.	She inherited* her grandmother's house in the country.*
initiate	To make something start or begin.	The council initiated* a campaign to clean up the beaches.*
integrate	To combine things, or to become part of a group or society.	It took the family a while to integrate* into the local community.*
interfere	To get involved in a situation where you are not wanted, or to stop something working properly.	Please stop interfering* in my private life!*
interpret	To explain the meaning of something, or to translate what someone says into another language.	How do you interpret* the ending of the film?*
intervene	To become involved in a situation to stop it or improve it.	The teacher intervened* before the argument turned into a fight.*
invade	To enter a country by force with an army.	The Romans invaded* Britain in AD 43.*
invest	To put money into something to make a profit, or to spend time or effort on something.	He invested* all his savings in his brother's business.*
isolate	To separate someone or something from others.	Sick animals are isolated* from the rest of the herd.*
legalise	To make something allowed by law.	The city has legalised* busking in the main square.*
liberate	To set a person or place free from control or prison.	The city was liberated* by Allied soldiers in 1944.*
manipulate	To control or influence someone cleverly and unfairly.	She felt she had been manipulated* into agreeing.*
migrate	To move from one region to another, often when the season changes.	Swallows migrate* to Africa every autumn.*
minimise	To reduce something to the smallest possible amount or level.	Wear a helmet to minimise* the risk of head injury.*
modify	To change something slightly, usually to improve it.	We modified* the recipe to make it less sweet.*
monitor	To watch or check something carefully over a period of time.	A nurse monitors* the patient's heart rate every hour.*
mount	To increase gradually, or to organise an event or campaign.	Pressure is mounting* on the coach to resign.*
neglect	To fail to look after someone or something properly.	The garden had been neglected* for years and was full of weeds.*
nominate	To officially suggest someone for a job, position or prize.	The film has been nominated* for three awards.*
notify	To formally tell someone about something.	All passengers were notified* of the change by text message.*
oblige	To force someone to do something, because of a law or duty.	Drivers are obliged* to wear a seat belt.*
offend	To make someone upset or angry because of something you say or do.	I'm sorry if my joke offended* you.*
outline	To give the main facts or ideas of something without the details.	The manager outlined* her plans for the next year.*
overcome	To successfully deal with a problem or difficulty.	She overcame* her fear of flying and went to Australia.*
overlook	To fail to notice something, or to have a view of a place from above.	The hotel room overlooks* the harbour.*
overtake	To go past a moving vehicle or person, or to become more successful than someone.	A motorbike overtook* us on the motorway.*
oversee	To watch and organise a job or activity to make sure it is done correctly.	An experienced engineer oversees* the building work.*
overthrow	To remove a leader or government from power by force.	The army overthrew* the king in 1952.*
overturn	To change a legal decision, or to turn something upside down.	The court overturned* the original decision.*
portray	To show or describe someone or something in a particular way in art, film or writing.	The film portrays* the king as a kind and gentle man.*
postpone	To change an event to a later time or date.	The match was postponed* because of heavy rain.*
presume	To believe something is true without being certain.	I presume* you've heard the news already.*
prioritise	To decide which of several things is most important and deal with it first.	You need to prioritise* your tasks and do the urgent ones first.*
privatise	To sell a company or service owned by the government to private owners.	The railways were privatised* in the 1990s.*
proceed	To continue doing something, or to move in a particular direction.	Passengers for flight BA204 should proceed* to gate 12.*
prohibit	To officially forbid something.	Smoking is prohibited* in all parts of the station.*
prompt	To cause someone to do something or something to happen.	The accident prompted* calls for a new speed limit.*
prosecute	To officially accuse someone of a crime in a court of law.	Anyone caught stealing from this shop will be prosecuted.
provoke	To cause a reaction, especially an angry one, or to deliberately annoy someone.	The decision provoked* anger among local residents.*
pursue	To try hard to achieve something over a long time, or to follow someone to catch them.	She left her job to pursue* a career in music.*
rebel	To fight against or refuse to obey people in authority.	As a teenager, he rebelled* against his strict parents.*
recruit	To find new people to join a company, organisation or army.	The hospital is trying to recruit* more nurses.*
regulate	To control an activity or process, especially by rules.	A thermostat regulates* the temperature in the room.*
reinforce	To make something stronger, or to support an idea or feeling.	The walls were reinforced* with steel.*
reinstate	To give someone back a job or position they had lost.	After the investigation, the teacher was reinstated.
relieve	To make pain, worry or a problem less unpleasant.	A short walk relieved* the pain in my back.*
relocate	To move to a new place, or to move a business or people there.	The company relocated* its head office to Leeds.*
renew	To make an official document or arrangement valid for a longer period.	I need to get my passport renewed* before the trip.*
resemble	To look like or be similar to someone or something.	She strongly resembles* her mother.*
reside	To live in a particular place, especially officially.	The president resides* in the palace for most of the year.*
resign	To officially leave your job or position.	The coach resigned* after the team lost five matches in a row.*
resolve	To find a solution to a problem, or to make a firm decision.	The two sides resolved* their disagreement after a long meeting.*
restrain	To stop someone from doing something, often by using physical force.	Two officers had to restrain* the angry fan.*
restrict	To limit the amount, size or range of something.	The new law restricts* the number of hours people can work.*
retain	To keep or continue to have something.	The village has managed to retain* its traditional character.*
retrieve	To find and bring something back.	The diver retrieved* the ring from the bottom of the lake.*
revise	To study again for an exam, or to change something to improve it.	I'm revising* for my history exam tomorrow.*
revive	To make something popular, active or healthy again.	The cold water revived* the tired runner.*
sacrifice	To give up something important to you in order to help someone or achieve something.	She sacrificed* her free time to care for her sick father.*
specify	To say or describe something clearly and in detail.	The recipe doesn't specify* how much salt to use.*
speculate	To guess about something without knowing all the facts.	It is too early to speculate* about the cause of the crash.*
stabilise	To become steady, or to make something steady.	The patient's condition has stabilised.
stimulate	To encourage something to grow or develop, or to make someone excited or interested.	Reading to babies stimulates* their brains.*
strengthen	To make something stronger or more effective.	Swimming helps to strengthen* the muscles in your back.*
subsidise	To pay part of the cost of something so that it is cheaper.	The company subsidises* meals in the staff canteen.*
substitute	To use something or someone instead of another.	You can substitute* honey for sugar in this recipe.*
sue	To take legal action against someone to get money for harm they have caused.	He sued* the company after he was injured at work.*
summarise	To give the main points of something in a short form.	Can you summarise* the article in two or three sentences?*
supervise	To watch a person or activity to make sure that things are done correctly.	A lifeguard supervises* the children in the pool.*
suppress	To stop something, often by force, or to stop yourself from showing a feeling.	She suppressed* a smile when she saw his new haircut.*
sustain	To keep something going over a long period of time.	The team couldn't sustain* their good form for the whole season.*
tackle	To make an effort to deal with a difficult problem, or to try to take the ball from a player.	The city has a new plan to tackle* traffic jams.*
undergo	To experience something unpleasant or necessary, such as a change or medical treatment.	My uncle underwent* surgery on his knee last month.*
undermine	To make something or someone gradually weaker or less effective.	Constant criticism undermines* children's confidence.*
undertake	To agree to do something or to start doing a big task.	The team undertook* a full study of the river's wildlife.*
uphold	To support a law or decision, or to say that a decision was correct.	The court upheld* the original sentence.*
utilise	To use something in an effective way.	The farm utilises* solar panels to produce its own electricity.*
verify	To check that something is true or correct.	Please verify* your email address by clicking the link.*
violate	To break a law, rule or agreement.	The company violated* safety rules and was fined.*
weaken	To become less strong, or to make someone or something less strong.	The long illness had weakened* her heart.*
withdraw	To take money out of a bank account, or to remove or take something back.	I withdrew* fifty pounds from the cash machine.*
back up	To make a copy of computer files, or to support someone or what they say.	Remember to back up* your files before you install the update.*
bring about	To make something happen, especially a change.	The internet has brought about* huge changes in the way we work.*
call for	To say publicly that something must happen.	Parents are calling for* more crossings near the school.*
call off	To decide that a planned event will not happen.	The match was called off* because of the storm.*
come up with	To think of an idea, plan or answer.	She came up with* a brilliant idea for the school play.*
cut back	To reduce the amount of something, especially money spent.	We need to cut back* on eating out to save money.*
do away with	To get rid of something or stop using it.	Many shops want to do away with* plastic bags completely.*
draw up	To prepare and write something such as a plan, list or contract.	The lawyer drew up* a contract for both parties to sign.*
face up to	To accept that a difficult situation exists and deal with it.	You have to face up to* your problems instead of ignoring them.*
fall apart	To break into pieces, or to stop working effectively.	My old shoes finally fell apart* after ten years.*
fall behind	To fail to make progress as quickly as others, or to be late with payments.	If you miss too many classes, you'll fall behind* the others.*
get across	To succeed in making people understand an idea or message.	The advert manages to get across* its message in just ten seconds.*
get away with	To avoid being punished for something wrong you have done.	He cheated in the test and got away with* it.*
give in	To finally agree to something you did not want to do, or to admit defeat.	After hours of begging, his mum gave in* and bought him the game.*
go through	To experience a difficult or unpleasant situation.	She went through* a hard time after losing her job.*
hold back	To stop yourself from showing a feeling, or to stop someone from making progress.	She held back* her tears until she got home.*
lay off	To stop employing a worker because there is not enough work.	The factory laid off* two hundred workers last month.*
live up to	To be as good as people expected.	The hotel lived up to* all our expectations.*
look down on	To think that you are better than someone.	He looks down on* anyone who didn't go to university.*
make up for	To do something good to correct something bad that happened earlier.	I bought her flowers to make up for* forgetting her birthday.*
opt out	To choose not to be part of an activity or arrangement.	Several students opted out* of the school trip.*
phase out	To gradually stop using or providing something.	Petrol cars will be phased out* over the next decade.*
play down	To make something seem less important or serious than it really is.	The minister played down* the size of the problem.*
put forward	To suggest an idea or plan for people to consider.	She put forward* a proposal to open the library on Sundays.*
put up with	To accept an annoying situation or person without complaining.	I can't put up with* this noise any longer!*
rule out	To decide that something is not possible or suitable.	The police have ruled out* the possibility of a robbery.*
set out	To start a journey, or to begin doing something with a particular aim.	We set out* at dawn to climb the mountain.*
stand for	To be a short form of a longer word or name, or to support an idea.	The letters "UN" stand for* "United Nations".*
step down	To leave an important job or position.	The director stepped down* after twenty years in charge.*
take on	To accept a job or responsibility, or to employ someone.	The restaurant took on* three new waiters for the summer.*
wipe out	To destroy something completely.	The disease wiped out* the entire population of frogs in the lake.*
abstract	Based on general ideas rather than real things or events.	Love and freedom are abstract* ideas.*
absurd	Completely silly, unreasonable or impossible to believe.	It's absurd* to pay so much money for a cup of coffee.*
abundant	Existing in large amounts, more than enough.	Fish are abundant* in these clear waters.*
accessible	Easy to reach, enter or understand.	The museum is fully accessible* to wheelchair users.*
adverse	Negative, harmful or not helpful.	The drug has no adverse* effects for most patients.*
affluent	Having a lot of money and a high standard of living.	They live in an affluent* area with large houses and expensive cars.*
alarming	Making you feel worried or frightened.	Sea levels are rising at an alarming* rate.*
ambiguous	Having more than one possible meaning, so that it is not clear.	The instructions were ambiguous, so nobody knew what to do.
ambitious	Having a strong wish to be successful, or needing a lot of effort to achieve.	It's an ambitious* plan to cycle across Africa in a month.*
appalling	Extremely bad or shocking.	The conditions in the old prison were appalling.
arbitrary	Based on chance or a personal wish rather than on a reason or plan.	The choice of winner seemed completely arbitrary.
assertive	Behaving confidently and saying clearly what you want or think.	You need to be more assertive* and ask for a pay rise.*
authentic	Real and not a copy, or true to the original style.	This restaurant serves authentic* Mexican food.*
authoritarian	Demanding that people obey completely and not allowing them freedom.	The children grew up with a very authoritarian* father.*
beneficial	Having a good or helpful effect.	Regular exercise is beneficial* to your health.*
biased	Unfairly preferring one person, group or opinion over others.	The newspaper's report was clearly biased* against the team.*
bureaucratic	Involving too many complicated official rules and processes.	Opening a bank account here is a slow, bureaucratic* process.*
catastrophic	Causing terrible damage or suffering.	The earthquake had catastrophic* effects on the region.*
chronic	Lasting for a long time or happening again and again, especially of an illness or problem.	She suffers from chronic* back pain.*
coherent	Clear, logical and easy to understand.	Your essay needs a more coherent* structure.*
collective	Shared or done by all members of a group.	Winning the cup was a collective* effort by the whole team.*
compatible	Able to exist or work together without problems.	This charger isn't compatible* with my phone.*
compelling	So interesting or convincing that you have to pay attention to it.	The lawyer presented compelling* evidence that the man was innocent.*
comprehensive	Including all or almost all the details or parts of something.	The guidebook gives a comprehensive* list of hotels in the city.*
compulsory	Required by a law or rule; that you must do.	Wearing a helmet is compulsory* for all cyclists in the race.*
conservative	Not liking sudden change or new ideas, and preferring traditional ways.	My grandparents have quite conservative* views about fashion.*
consistent	Always behaving or happening in the same way, or always of the same quality.	She has been the most consistent* player on the team this season.*
contemporary	Belonging to the present time, or living or happening at the same time.	The gallery shows contemporary* art by young local painters.*
controversial	Causing a lot of public disagreement.	The referee made a controversial* decision in the final minute.*
conventional	Traditional and ordinary, following the usual way of doing things.	They chose a conventional* church wedding rather than something unusual.*
corrupt	Dishonest and using power to get money or advantages illegally.	The corrupt* official accepted money to approve the building plans.*
credible	Able to be believed or trusted.	The witness gave a credible* account of what happened.*
crucial	Extremely important, because it will affect other things.	The next few days will be crucial* for the patient's recovery.*
cynical	Believing that people are selfish and only care about themselves.	He's very cynical* about politicians and their promises.*
decisive	Able to choose quickly and firmly what to do, or having a very important effect on a result.	Her goal was decisive* in winning the final.*
democratic	Based on the idea that everyone has equal rights and can vote to make decisions.	The class made a democratic* decision about where to go on the trip.*
deprived	Not having enough money, food or other things needed for a good life.	The charity supports children from deprived* areas.*
desirable	Worth having or wanted by many people.	A driving licence is desirable* for this job but not essential.*
devastating	Causing a lot of damage or making someone extremely sad or shocked.	The fire had a devastating* effect on the forest.*
diplomatic	Dealing with people politely and carefully without upsetting them.	She gave a very diplomatic* answer to avoid hurting his feelings.*
disastrous	Very bad, causing great damage or failure.	The new product was a disastrous* failure for the company.*
discriminatory	Treating a person or group unfairly because of their race, sex, age or religion.	The court ruled that the rule was discriminatory* against older workers.*
distinct	Clearly different or separate, or clearly noticeable.	There is a distinct* smell of gas in the kitchen.*
diverse	Including many different types of people or things.	London has a very diverse* population.*
dominant	More important, powerful or noticeable than others.	Tourism is the dominant* industry on the island.*
drastic	Extreme and sudden, often with serious effects.	The company took drastic* action to save money.*
dubious	Probably not honest, true or safe, or feeling doubt about something.	He made his money in some rather dubious* ways.*
dynamic	Full of energy and new ideas, or always changing.	We are looking for a young, dynamic* person to join our team.*
economical	Not using a lot of money, fuel or other things.	This small car is very economical* to run.*
elaborate	Containing a lot of careful detail, or carefully planned.	She cooked an elaborate* meal with seven courses.*
eligible	Having the right qualities or meeting the conditions to do or receive something.	You are eligible* to vote when you are eighteen.*
eminent	Famous and respected, especially in a particular profession.	The talk was given by an eminent* scientist from Oxford.*
empirical	Based on what is seen or tested rather than on theory.	There is little empirical* evidence to support the claim.*
endangered	At risk of no longer existing because there are very few left.	The mountain gorilla is an endangered* species.*
enthusiastic	Showing great excitement and interest.	The crowd gave the band an enthusiastic* welcome.*
ethical	Relating to what is morally right, or morally acceptable.	She only buys clothes from ethical* companies.*
ethnic	Relating to a group of people who share a culture, tradition or origin.	The city is home to many ethnic* communities.*
evident	Clear and easy to see or understand.	It was evident* from her face that she was disappointed.*
excessive	Much more than is reasonable or necessary.	Excessive use of screens can harm children's sleep.
exclusive	Expensive and only available to a few people, or not shared with others.	They stayed at an exclusive* hotel on the beach.*
explicit	Clear and exact, so that there is no doubt about the meaning.	The teacher gave explicit* instructions not to use phones.*
feasible	Possible and likely to work.	Is it feasible* to finish the project by Friday?*
federal	Relating to the central government of a country made up of several states.	In the USA, federal* laws apply in every state.*
fiscal	Relating to government money, especially taxes and spending.	The fiscal* year in the UK starts in April.*
fragile	Easily broken or damaged.	Be careful with that box; the glasses inside are fragile.
fundamental	Basic and very important, forming the main part of something.	Clean water is a fundamental* human need.*
global	Relating to the whole world.	Climate change is a global* problem.*
gradual	Happening slowly over a long period of time.	There has been a gradual* improvement in his health.*
hostile	Unfriendly and showing that you do not like someone or something.	The visiting team faced a hostile* crowd.*
hypothetical	Based on an imagined situation rather than a real one.	Let me ask you a hypothetical* question: what would you do with a million pounds?*
ignorant	Not having enough knowledge or information about something.	I'm completely ignorant* about cars.*
immense	Extremely large or great.	The new bridge was an immense* project that took ten years.*
imminent	Going to happen very soon.	Dark clouds suggested that a storm was imminent.
inadequate	Not good enough or not enough in amount.	The hospital's equipment is inadequate* for so many patients.*
incompetent	Not having the skill or ability to do a job properly.	The incompetent* builder left holes in the roof.*
inevitable	Certain to happen and impossible to avoid.	With so many cars, traffic jams are inevitable.
influential	Having a lot of power to affect what people do or think.	She is one of the most influential* writers of her generation.*
inherent	Existing as a natural or permanent part of something.	There are risks inherent* in any extreme sport.*
innovative	Using new methods or ideas.	The company is famous for its innovative* designs.*
insufficient	Not enough for a particular purpose.	The case was dropped because of insufficient* evidence.*
integral	Necessary and important as a part of a whole.	Music is an integral* part of the school day.*
intensive	Involving a lot of work or activity in a short time.	She took an intensive* course in Spanish before moving to Madrid.*
invaluable	Extremely useful or helpful.	Your advice has been invaluable* to me.*
irrelevant	Not connected with or not important to what is being discussed.	Your age is irrelevant; what matters is your experience.
judicial	Relating to judges and courts of law.	The country has an independent judicial* system.*
legitimate	Allowed by law, or fair and reasonable.	He had a legitimate* reason for missing the meeting.*
lenient	Not as strict as expected when punishing someone.	The judge was lenient* because it was his first offence.*
linguistic	Relating to language or languages.	Young children have amazing linguistic* abilities.*
manual	Done or operated by hand rather than by a machine.	I prefer driving a car with a manual* gearbox.*
marginal	Small and not very important.	There has been only a marginal* improvement in sales.*
massive	Very large in size, amount or degree.	They live in a massive* house with ten bedrooms.*
minimal	Very small in amount, or as small as possible.	The storm caused only minimal* damage.*
multicultural	Including people of many different cultures and backgrounds.	We live in a multicultural* society with many languages.*
mutual	Felt or done equally by two or more people towards each other.	Their friendship is based on mutual* respect.*
naive	Lacking experience, so believing too easily that people are honest or that things will be easy.	It was naive* of me to lend him so much money.*
neutral	Not supporting either side in a disagreement, or having no strong colour or feeling.	My sister and I argued, but Mum stayed neutral.
notable	Important or interesting enough to be noticed.	The city is notable* for its beautiful parks.*
notorious	Famous for something bad.	This road is notorious* for accidents.*
nuclear	Using energy produced by splitting atoms.	France produces most of its electricity in nuclear* power stations.*
offensive	Rude in a way that upsets people.	He was punished for making offensive* comments online.*
ongoing	Continuing to exist or happen.	The police investigation is still ongoing.
overwhelming	Very great or strong, so that it is difficult to deal with.	The response to our appeal has been overwhelming.
partial	Not complete; only a part of something.	The project was only a partial* success.*
persistent	Continuing for a long time, or continuing to try in spite of difficulties.	I've had a persistent* cough for three weeks.*
plausible	Seeming likely to be true or reasonable.	His excuse sounded plausible, so the teacher believed him.
predominant	Most common, noticeable or important.	Blue is the predominant* colour in the painting.*
prejudiced	Having an unfair opinion about a person or group without good reason.	Some employers are prejudiced* against older people.*
prestigious	Respected and admired because of high quality or success.	She studied at a very prestigious* university.*
prominent	Important and well known, or easy to see.	The hotel is in a prominent* position on the seafront.*
prosperous	Rich and successful, with a good standard of living.	The town became prosperous* thanks to the wool trade.*
provocative	Intended to make people angry or to cause a strong reaction.	The comedian is famous for his provocative* jokes.*
radical	Very new and different, or believing in extreme political change.	The new manager made radical* changes to the team.*
rational	Based on clear thinking and reason, not on emotions.	There must be a rational* explanation for the strange noise.*
redundant	No longer needed, especially when a person loses their job because of this.	Many factory workers were made redundant* last year.*
relevant	Connected with what is happening or being discussed.	Please only include relevant* information in your CV.*
reluctant	Not wanting to do something.	The children were reluctant* to leave the beach.*
renewable	Able to be replaced naturally, such as energy from the sun or wind.	Wind and solar power are renewable* sources of energy.*
resilient	Able to recover quickly from difficult situations.	Children are often more resilient* than adults think.*
respective	Belonging or relating to each of the people or things just mentioned.	After the party, the guests returned to their respective* homes.*
rigid	Very strict and difficult to change, or stiff and not able to bend.	The school has rigid* rules about uniform.*
ruthless	Cruel and not caring if other people are hurt.	The villain in the film is a ruthless* businessman.*
scarce	Not easy to find or get, because there is not enough.	Water is scarce* in the desert.*
sceptical	Doubting that something is true or useful.	I'm sceptical* about diets that promise fast results.*
secular	Not connected with religion.	France has a secular* education system.*
selective	Choosing carefully, or affecting only some people or things.	She is very selective* about the films she watches.*
sheer	Used to emphasise how great or strong something is, or extremely steep.	They won by sheer* hard work.*
situated	In a particular place or position.	The hotel is situated* in the heart of the old town.*
sole	Being the only one.	She was the sole* survivor of the crash.*
sophisticated	Advanced and complicated, or having a lot of experience of culture and fashion.	The car has a sophisticated* navigation system.*
sovereign	Having complete power to govern itself.	Iceland became a fully sovereign* state in 1944.*
spontaneous	Happening naturally and suddenly, without being planned.	The audience broke into spontaneous* applause.*
statutory	Decided or controlled by law.	Workers have a statutory* right to paid holidays.*
stimulating	Interesting and exciting, so that you want to think or learn more.	We had a very stimulating* discussion about the book.*
straightforward	Easy to understand or do.	The instructions are quite straightforward.
subsequent	Happening after something else.	The storm and the subsequent* flooding damaged hundreds of homes.*
substantial	Large in amount, size or importance.	She received a substantial* pay rise.*
subtle	Not obvious, and so difficult to notice.	There is a subtle* difference between the two colours.*
superficial	Only on the surface, or not deep or serious.	Luckily, the cut was only superficial.
superior	Better than others, or higher in rank.	This phone is superior* to the old model in every way.*
sustainable	Able to continue for a long time without harming the environment.	We need more sustainable* ways of producing food.*
systematic	Done using a fixed and careful plan.	The police made a systematic* search of the house.*
thorough	Careful and complete, with attention to every detail.	The doctor gave me a thorough* check-up.*
tremendous	Very great in amount or level, or extremely good.	Winning the prize was a tremendous* achievement.*
trivial	Not important or serious.	They argued over a trivial* matter.*
unanimous	Agreed by everyone in a group.	The decision of the judges was unanimous.
underlying	Real and basic, but not obvious.	We need to find the underlying* cause of the problem.*
unprecedented	Never having happened or existed before.	The town saw an unprecedented* number of tourists this summer.*
unstable	Likely to change or fall suddenly, or not steady.	That ladder looks unstable, so be careful.
urgent	Needing attention or action immediately.	I have an urgent* message for the manager.*
utter	Complete, used to emphasise something.	The party was an utter* disaster.*
valid	Legally acceptable for use, or based on good reasons.	Your ticket is valid* for one month.*
vibrant	Full of energy, life or bright colour.	Barcelona is a vibrant* city with great nightlife.*
viable	Able to work or succeed.	Solar power is now a viable* alternative to oil.*
vulnerable	Easily hurt, harmed or attacked.	Older people are more vulnerable* to the flu.*
widespread	Existing or happening in many places or among many people.	There was widespread* flooding across the north of England.*
albeit	Used to add a fact that makes the previous statement less strong; means "although".	The hotel was comfortable, albeit* a little expensive.*
allegedly	Used to say that something is claimed to be true but has not been proved.	The man allegedly* stole three bikes from the station.*
alternatively	Used to introduce a second possible choice or suggestion.	We could take the train. alternatively, we could drive.
arguably	Used to say that something may be true, because good reasons can be given for it.	She is arguably* the best tennis player of all time.*
as opposed to	Used to show that you are talking about one thing and not a different one.	I prefer reading paper books as opposed to* e-books.*
as regards	A formal way of introducing the subject you are talking about.	As regards your application, we will contact you next week.
broadly speaking	Used to say that something is generally true, without considering the details.	Broadly speaking, the students were happy with the course.
by contrast	Used to show that something is very different from what was just said.	The north is cold and wet. The south, by contrast, is warm and sunny.
by no means	Used to say firmly that something is not true at all.	The exam was by no means* easy; many students failed.*
consequently	As a result of something just mentioned.	He missed the bus and consequently* arrived late for work.*
deliberately	Done on purpose, not by accident.	I think he deliberately* ignored my message.*
essentially	Used to say what the most important or basic fact about something is.	The two phones are essentially* the same, apart from the colour.*
explicitly	Said in a clear and direct way, so there is no doubt.	The sign explicitly* says that dogs are not allowed.*
hence	A formal word meaning "for this reason" or "that is why".	The village is near the sea, hence* its name, Seaton.*
in contrast	Used to compare two things and show that they are very different.	In contrast to her quiet sister, Emma is very talkative.
in practice	Used to say what really happens, rather than what should happen.	The plan sounds easy, but in practice* it's very hard to do.*
in principle	Used to say that something is true or possible in theory, though perhaps not in reality.	I agree with the idea in principle, but we don't have the money.
in terms of	Used to show which aspect of something you are talking about.	In terms of size, this is the biggest park in the city.
in the long run	At a time far in the future, after a long period.	Buying good shoes will save you money in the long run.
inevitably	In a way that cannot be avoided or prevented.	Inevitably, the cheaper tickets sold out first.
largely	Used to say that something is mostly, but not completely, true.	The success of the event was largely* due to the volunteers.*
likewise	In the same way; also.	Laura was polite to him, and he did likewise.
nevertheless	Despite what has just been said.	The weather was terrible; nevertheless, we enjoyed the trip.
nonetheless	In spite of what has just been mentioned.	The film was long; it was nonetheless* very enjoyable.*
notably	Used to mention a particularly important example of something.	Several players were missing, notably* the captain.*
notwithstanding	A formal word meaning "despite" or "in spite of".	Notwithstanding the bad weather, the festival was a huge success.
on behalf of	Instead of someone, or as their representative.	I'd like to thank you on behalf of* the whole team.*
on the contrary	Used to say that the opposite of what was just said is true.	"Was the film boring?" "on the contrary, it was really exciting!"
on the whole	Used to give a general opinion after considering everything.	On the whole, I enjoyed living in London.
overly	Too much; more than is good or necessary.	Don't be overly* worried about the test; you'll be fine.*
predominantly	Used to say that most of a group or thing is of one type.	The audience was predominantly* made up of teenagers.*
presumably	Used to say that you think something is probably true.	Presumably you've already heard the good news.
primarily	Mainly; more than anything else.	The course is aimed primarily* at beginners.*
provided that	Used to say that something will only happen if something else happens.	You can borrow my car provided that* you bring it back by six.*
regardless	Without being affected by something; despite it.	She went out regardless* of the rain.*
relatively	Quite, when compared with other things of the same type.	The test was relatively* easy compared with last year's.*
subsequently	After something else happened; later.	He was arrested and subsequently* sent to prison.*
supposedly	Used to say that something is believed to be true, though you doubt it.	This cream supposedly* makes you look ten years younger.*
thereby	A formal word meaning "as a result of this action".	She trained hard, thereby* improving her chances of winning.*
to some extent	Partly, but not completely.	I agree with you to some extent, but not entirely.
ultimately	In the end, after a long process.	The decision ultimately* depends on the head teacher.*
undoubtedly	Used to say that something is certainly true.	She is undoubtedly* the most talented student in the class.*
virtually	Almost completely; very nearly.	The town was virtually* empty in August.*
whereby	A formal word meaning "by which" or "according to which".	There is a system whereby* students can borrow laptops for free.*
with regard to	A formal way of saying "about" or "concerning".	I am writing with regard to* your recent job advert.*
as far as	Used with "I know" or "I'm concerned" to say how much you know or what your opinion is.	As far as I know, the shop closes at eight.
by means of	Using a particular method or thing.	The prisoners sent messages by means of* a secret code.*
for the sake of	In order to help or bring benefit to someone or something.	They moved to the countryside for the sake of* their children.*
in the light of	Because of something that has recently become known.	In the light of recent events, the concert has been cancelled.
in view of	Because of a particular fact or situation.	In view of the bad weather, the match will be played indoors.
owing to	Because of; often used in formal announcements.	The train is delayed owing to* a signal failure.*
prior to	A formal way of saying "before".	Please arrive thirty minutes prior to* the start of the exam.*
thanks to	Because of someone or something, often in a good way.	We arrived on time thanks to* your directions.*
whatsoever	Used after "no" or "nothing" to emphasise a negative statement.	I have no interest whatsoever* in football.*
by and large	In general; when everything is considered.	By and large, the people here are very friendly.
first and foremost	More than anything else; most importantly.	First and foremost, I want to thank my parents for their support.
last but not least	Used before the final person or thing in a list, to say they are equally important.	And last but not least, a big thank you to our drummer, Sam!
accent	The way a person pronounces words, which shows where they come from.	She speaks English with a strong Scottish accent.
adviser	A person whose job is to give advice on a particular subject.	He worked as a financial adviser* for many years.*
alien	A creature from another planet.	The film is about an alien* who lands in a small American town.*
ambiguity	The state of having more than one possible meaning.	There is some ambiguity* in the wording of the contract.*
anthem	A song that is important to a country or group and is sung on special occasions.	The players stood still while the national anthem* was played.*
antibiotic	A medicine that kills bacteria and cures infections.	The doctor gave me antibiotics* for my ear infection.*
applause	The sound of people clapping their hands to show they enjoyed something.	The singer left the stage to loud applause.
archive	A collection of historical documents or records, or the place where they are kept.	The newspaper's archive* contains articles from 1850.*
arena	A large building with seats around a central area, used for sport or concerts.	The concert will take place in the city's new arena.
artery	One of the tubes that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body.	A blocked artery* can cause a heart attack.*
assembly	A meeting of all the students and teachers in a school, or a group of people who make laws.	The head teacher spoke to the whole school in assembly.
astronaut	A person who travels into space.	The astronaut* spent six months on the space station.*
auction	A public sale where things are sold to the person who offers the most money.	The painting was sold at auction* for two million pounds.*
audit	An official examination of the financial records of a company or organisation.	The company's accounts are checked in an audit* every year.*
ballot	A system of secret voting, or a piece of paper used to vote.	The members will vote by secret ballot.
banner	A long piece of cloth with words or a sign on it, often carried at a protest or event.	Fans held up a huge banner* that said "Good luck!"*
beam	A line of light, or a long heavy piece of wood or metal that supports a roof.	A beam* of sunlight came through the window.*
beneficiary	A person who receives money or other advantages from something, especially a will.	She was the main beneficiary* of her uncle's will.*
blessing	Something lucky that you are grateful for.	The rain was a blessing* for the farmers after the long dry summer.*
blood pressure	The force with which blood moves through your body, measured by a doctor.	The nurse checked my blood pressure* and pulse.*
blueprint	A detailed plan for a building or machine, or a plan for achieving something.	The report offers a blueprint* for improving local schools.*
bond	A close connection between people, or something that sticks things together.	There is a strong bond* between the two sisters.*
breach	An action that breaks a rule, law or agreement.	Using the photo without permission was a breach* of copyright.*
breed	A particular type of animal, especially a dog, cat or farm animal.	What breed* of dog is that? A spaniel?*
brochure	A thin magazine with pictures that gives information about a product or service.	We looked through a holiday brochure* to choose our destination.*
bulletin	A short news report on television or radio, or an official statement.	We heard about the accident on the evening news bulletin.
cabinet	A piece of furniture with shelves and doors, or the group of senior ministers in a government.	The medicine cabinet* is above the bathroom sink.*
calorie	A unit for measuring the amount of energy that food gives you.	A can of cola contains about 140 calories.
canal	A long, narrow, artificial river built for boats or to carry water.	We hired a boat and travelled along the canal* for a week.*
capability	The ability or power to do something.	This phone has the capability* to take professional-quality photos.*
carbon footprint	The amount of carbon dioxide produced by a person's or organisation's activities.	Flying less is a good way to reduce your carbon footprint.
cargo	Goods carried by a ship, plane or truck.	The ship was carrying a cargo* of bananas.*
cell	The smallest living part of a plant or animal, or a small room in a prison.	The human body is made up of billions of cells.
chamber	A large room used for formal meetings, or a closed space inside the body or a machine.	The council meets in the main chamber* of the town hall.*
charter	A formal document that describes rights, aims or principles.	The organisation has a charter* that protects the rights of its members.*
circulation	The movement of blood around the body, or the number of copies of a newspaper sold.	Regular walking improves your circulation.
clause	A part of a legal document, or a group of words containing a subject and a verb.	There is a clause* in the contract about working hours.*
climate change	The long-term rise in the Earth's temperature and changes in its weather.	Rising sea levels are one effect of climate change.
cluster	A group of similar things that are close together.	A cluster* of small houses stood at the foot of the hill.*
collision	An accident in which two vehicles or people hit each other.	There was a collision* between a bus and a lorry on the bridge.*
commentary	A spoken description of an event, such as a sports match, as it happens.	We listened to the radio commentary* of the cricket match.*
commuter	A person who travels some distance to work every day.	The train was full of commuters* reading newspapers.*
component	One of the parts that something is made of.	The factory makes components* for cars.*
compound	A substance made of two or more elements, or an area of buildings surrounded by a fence.	Water is a compound* of hydrogen and oxygen.*
comprehension	The ability to understand something, or an exercise that tests understanding.	The test includes a reading comprehension* section.*
concession	Something you allow or give up to end an argument, or a lower price for certain people.	There is a ticket concession* for students and pensioners.*
consent	Permission for something to happen.	You need your parents' consent* to go on the school trip.*
consultant	A person who gives expert advice to a company, or a senior hospital doctor.	The company hired a consultant* to improve its website.*
contamination	The process of making something dirty or harmful by adding a dangerous substance.	Tests showed contamination* of the water supply.*
contestant	A person who takes part in a competition or quiz.	Each contestant* has one minute to answer the questions.*
continent	One of the seven large areas of land on the Earth, such as Asia or Africa.	Australia is both a country and a continent.
contractor	A person or company that agrees to do work for another, especially building work.	We hired a contractor* to build the new kitchen.*
coral	A hard, colourful substance formed in the sea by very small animals.	Divers come from all over the world to see the coral* on this reef.*
correlation	A connection between two things, where one changes when the other does.	There is a clear correlation* between diet and health.*
counsellor	A person trained to listen to people and give advice about their problems.	The school counsellor* helped him deal with his parents' divorce.*
counterpart	A person or thing that has the same job or purpose as another in a different place.	The French minister met his German counterpart* in Berlin.*
craft	An activity that involves making things skilfully with your hands.	Pottery is a traditional craft* in this region.*
creature	Any living animal, especially an unusual or imaginary one.	Strange creatures* live at the bottom of the ocean.*
custody	The legal right to look after a child, or the state of being kept in prison before a trial.	After the divorce, the mother was given custody* of the children.*
cyberbullying	The use of the internet or phones to hurt or frighten someone repeatedly.	The school has a clear policy on cyberbullying.
debris	Broken pieces left after something has been destroyed.	Workers cleared the debris* from the road after the storm.*
defect	A fault or problem that makes something imperfect.	The car was returned because of a defect* in the brakes.*
defendant	The person in a court case who is accused of a crime.	The defendant* said he was at home on the night of the robbery.*
defence	The act of protecting someone or something from attack, or the players who try to stop goals.	The team's defence* was strong, and they didn't let in a goal.*
delegation	A group of people chosen to represent a larger group or organisation.	A delegation* of teachers met the minister to discuss pay.*
deputy	A person whose job is second in importance to the leader, and who acts for them when needed.	The deputy* head teacher is in charge while the head is away.*
diagnosis	The act of identifying an illness by examining someone.	The doctor made a diagnosis* of flu.*
diameter	A straight line across a circle from one side to the other through the centre.	The cake tin has a diameter* of 20 centimetres.*
dimension	A measurement of length, width or height, or a particular aspect of something.	What are the dimensions* of the room?*
disclosure	The act of making information known that was secret.	The disclosure* of his salary caused anger among staff.*
dose	The amount of medicine that you take at one time.	Take one dose* of this medicine every four hours.*
ecosystem	All the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and the environment.	Plastic waste is harming the ocean ecosystem.
edition	A particular version of a book, newspaper or magazine published at one time.	The first edition* of the novel is now worth thousands.*
electorate	All the people in a country or area who have the right to vote.	The electorate* will choose a new government in May.*
embassy	The official building where an ambassador and their staff work in a foreign country.	I need to go to the embassy* to get a visa.*
emigration	The process of leaving your own country to live in another one.	The 19th century saw large-scale emigration* from Europe to America.*
endurance	The ability to continue doing something difficult or painful for a long time.	Running a marathon is a real test of endurance.
enrolment	The act of officially joining a course, school or university.	Online enrolment* for the summer courses opens on Monday.*
equation	A mathematical statement showing that two amounts are equal.	Can you solve this equation* for x?*
estate	A large area of land in the countryside owned by one person, or all the property a person owns.	The old lord lived on a huge country estate.
excess	An amount that is more than is needed or allowed.	Drinking an excess* of coffee can stop you sleeping.*
expertise	A high level of knowledge or skill in a particular subject.	We need someone with expertise* in computer programming.*
extent	The size, degree or importance of something.	We don't yet know the full extent* of the damage.*
fatigue	A feeling of being extremely tired.	The drivers were suffering from fatigue* after hours on the road.*
fertiliser	A natural or chemical substance added to soil to help plants grow.	The farmer spread fertiliser* on the fields in spring.*
fitness	The condition of being physically strong and healthy.	She goes to the gym to improve her fitness.
fossil fuel	A fuel such as coal, oil or gas, formed from plants and animals that lived millions of years ago.	We need to reduce our use of fossil fuels* like coal and oil.*
fraction	A small part or amount of something, or a number such as ½ or ¾.	The new laptop costs a fraction* of the price of the old one.*
franchise	The right given by a company to sell its products using its name, or a business that does this.	He owns a franchise* of a famous pizza chain.*
frontier	The border between two countries, or the limit of what is known.	Soldiers guarded the frontier* between the two countries.*
fur	The thick soft hair that covers the bodies of some animals.	Our cat has very soft white fur.
gadget	A small device or tool that does something useful.	My uncle loves buying the latest kitchen gadgets.
gender	The fact of being male, female or another identity, especially in social terms.	The job is open to everyone, whatever their age or gender.
gene	A part of a cell, passed from parents to children, that controls a particular quality.	Eye colour is decided by more than one gene.
genre	A particular type of film, music or writing.	Science fiction is my favourite genre* of film.*
gesture	A movement of the hand, arm or head that expresses a meaning or feeling.	She waved her hand in a friendly gesture.
glacier	A large mass of ice that moves very slowly down a mountain.	The glacier* has shrunk by half in the last century.*
graffiti	Words or pictures painted on walls in public places.	The wall outside the station is covered in graffiti.
greenhouse effect	The warming of the Earth caused by gases in the air that trap heat from the sun.	Carbon dioxide is one of the gases that cause the greenhouse effect.
grip	A firm hold on something, or control over something.	He kept a tight grip* on the rope.*
guardian	A person who is legally responsible for looking after a child.	A parent or guardian* must sign the form.*
hacker	A person who gets into other people's computer systems without permission.	A hacker* stole thousands of customers' passwords.*
heatwave	A period of unusually hot weather.	During the heatwave, temperatures reached 40 degrees.
homelessness	The situation of having no place to live.	The charity works to end homelessness* in the city.*
hospitality	Friendly and generous behaviour towards guests or visitors.	Thank you for your warm hospitality* during our stay.*
humanity	All people considered together, or kindness and sympathy towards others.	The invention of the wheel changed the history of humanity.
hurricane	A very strong storm with violent winds, especially in the western Atlantic.	The hurricane* destroyed hundreds of homes in Florida.*
hygiene	The practice of keeping yourself and your surroundings clean to prevent disease.	Good hygiene* is very important in a kitchen.*
immunity	The body's ability to fight a disease, or protection from legal action.	Vaccines give you immunity* against certain diseases.*
inmate	A person who is kept in a prison.	Each inmate* is allowed one phone call a week.*
insomnia	A condition in which you find it difficult to sleep.	Drinking coffee late at night can cause insomnia.
intake	The amount of food, drink or something else that you take into your body.	Try to reduce your salt intake.
interval	A period of time between two events, or a short break during a play or concert.	We bought ice creams during the interval.
inventory	A detailed list of all the things in a place, or the goods a shop has.	The shop takes an inventory* of all its stock every January.*
jury	A group of ordinary people who decide whether someone in a court case is guilty.	The jury* found the man guilty of theft.*
kidney	One of two organs in the body that clean the blood and produce urine.	She gave her brother a kidney* to save his life.*
landfill	A place where waste is buried under the ground.	Most of our plastic waste ends up in landfill.
landslide	A large amount of earth and rocks falling down a hill, or a very large victory in an election.	Heavy rain caused a landslide* that blocked the road.*
leak	A hole through which liquid or gas escapes, or the giving of secret information to the public.	There's a leak* in the roof and water is coming in.*
lens	A curved piece of glass in glasses, cameras or microscopes that makes things look clearer.	I dropped my glasses and broke a lens.
liver	A large organ in the body that cleans the blood and helps digest food.	Drinking too much alcohol can damage your liver.
lung	One of the two organs in your chest that you use for breathing.	Smoking seriously damages your lungs.
mammal	An animal that drinks milk from its mother when it is young.	The whale is the largest mammal* on Earth.*
mandate	The authority given to a government or leader by the people who voted for them.	The new government has a clear mandate* to reform healthcare.*
marathon	A running race of about 42 kilometres.	She ran the London marathon* in under four hours.*
mayor	The elected leader of a town or city.	The mayor* opened the new library on Saturday.*
merchandise	Goods that are sold, especially products connected with a film, band or team.	The band makes a lot of money from T-shirts and other merchandise.
milestone	An important event in the development or history of something.	Learning to walk is a big milestone* in a baby's life.*
mineral	A natural substance found in rocks or the earth, also needed by the body in small amounts.	Fruit and vegetables are full of vitamins and minerals.
molecule	The smallest unit of a substance, made of two or more atoms joined together.	A molecule* of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.*
momentum	The force that keeps something moving, or the increasing speed of a process.	The campaign is gaining momentum* as more people join.*
motorist	A person who drives a car.	Police are warning every motorist* to take care on icy roads.*
nursery	A place where young children are looked after while their parents work, or where plants are grown.	My little brother goes to nursery* three mornings a week.*
obsession	Something or someone that you think about all the time.	His obsession* with football takes up all his free time.*
offspring	The young of an animal, or a person's children.	The bird feeds its offspring* with insects.*
organ	A part of the body with a particular purpose, such as the heart, or a large musical instrument.	The skin is the largest organ* of the human body.*
organism	A living thing, such as a plant, animal or bacterium.	A virus is a very small organism* that can cause disease.*
outlet	A shop that sells goods at low prices, or a way of expressing strong feelings.	Painting is an outlet* for her emotions.*
overdose	Too much of a drug or medicine taken at one time.	Never take more than the stated amount, as an overdose* can be dangerous.*
oxygen	A gas in the air that people, animals and plants need to live.	Climbers often carry oxygen* on very high mountains.*
panel	A small group of people who discuss something or make decisions, or a flat piece of material.	A panel* of experts will judge the competition.*
paradox	A situation or statement that seems impossible because it has two opposite facts.	It's a paradox* that the more choices we have, the less happy we feel.*
pesticide	A chemical used to kill insects that damage crops.	Organic farmers do not use pesticides* on their crops.*
pharmacist	A person whose job is to prepare and sell medicines.	Ask the pharmacist* if this medicine is safe for children.*
physician	A formal or American word for a doctor.	Consult your physician* before starting a new diet.*
pitch	An area of ground marked out for playing a sport such as football.	The players ran onto the pitch* to warm up.*
plague	A serious disease that spreads quickly and kills many people, or a large number of unwanted animals or insects.	The village was hit by a plague* of rats.*
plea	An urgent and emotional request, or a statement in court saying if you are guilty or not.	The family made a plea* for their cat's safe return.*
pollutant	A substance that makes air, water or soil dirty and harmful.	Factories release harmful pollutants* into the river.*
predator	An animal that hunts and kills other animals for food.	The lion is the top predator* in the African savanna.*
pregnancy	The period of time when a woman is carrying a baby in her body.	She felt tired during the first months of her pregnancy.
premises	The buildings and land that a business or organisation uses.	Smoking is not allowed anywhere on the school premises.
prey	An animal that is hunted and killed by another animal for food.	The eagle circled above, looking for prey.
prosecutor	A lawyer who tries to prove in court that someone is guilty of a crime.	The prosecutor* asked the witness several difficult questions.*
protein	A substance in foods such as meat, eggs and beans that the body needs to grow.	Eggs are a cheap source of protein.
questionnaire	A written list of questions that many people answer to give information.	Please fill in the questionnaire* and hand it in at reception.*
rainfall	The amount of rain that falls in a particular area or time.	The region has very low rainfall* in summer.*
recipient	A person who receives something.	She was the recipient* of an award for bravery.*
recycling	The process of treating used materials so that they can be used again.	We put paper and glass in separate bins for recycling.
reef	A line of rocks or coral just below or near the surface of the sea.	We went snorkelling over the coral reef.
reservoir	A large lake used for storing water for people to use.	The reservoir* supplies the whole city with water.*
retailer	A person or business that sells goods to the public.	The country's largest clothing retailer* is opening ten new shops.*
rhetoric	Language that is intended to persuade or impress people but is often not sincere.	Voters are tired of empty rhetoric* and want real action.*
ritual	A set of actions always done in the same way, often as part of a ceremony.	Making coffee every morning is a ritual* I enjoy.*
sanctuary	A safe place, especially for animals or people in danger.	The donkeys live in an animal sanctuary* near the coast.*
satellite	A machine sent into space to travel around the Earth, used for communication or collecting information.	The TV signal comes from a satellite.
scholar	A person who studies a subject in great detail, especially at a university.	He is a respected scholar* of ancient Greek.*
sculptor	An artist who makes figures or objects from stone, wood or metal.	The sculptor* spent two years carving the marble statue.*
sewage	Waste water and human waste from homes and buildings, carried away in pipes.	Untreated sewage* was flowing into the river.*
shortcoming	A fault or weakness that makes someone or something less effective.	Despite its shortcomings, the plan was approved.
skeleton	The frame of bones that supports the body of a person or animal.	The museum has the skeleton* of a huge dinosaur.*
smog	Dirty air in cities, caused by smoke and pollution from cars and factories.	On some days the smog* is so thick that you can't see the mountains.*
solar panel	A flat piece of equipment that uses light from the sun to produce electricity.	They put solar panels* on the roof to save on electricity bills.*
specimen	A small amount or example of something, taken for scientific study.	The doctor took a blood specimen* for testing.*
spectator	A person who watches an event, especially a sports event.	Over 50,000 spectators* watched the final.*
spectrum	A complete range of different ideas, opinions or colours.	The course covers the whole spectrum* of modern music, from jazz to hip-hop.*
stroke	A sudden illness in which part of the brain stops working, or a single movement in swimming or tennis.	After the stroke, he had difficulty speaking.
supplement	Something added to improve something, such as extra vitamins, or an extra part of a newspaper.	She takes a vitamin D supplement* during the winter.*
surgeon	A doctor who performs medical operations.	The surgeon* removed a small stone from his kidney.*
surgery	Medical treatment in which a doctor cuts open the body to repair or remove something.	She needs surgery* on her injured knee.*
symptom	A sign of an illness, such as pain or a high temperature.	The most common symptoms* of flu are fever and headache.*
syndrome	A medical condition with a particular set of signs and problems.	He suffers from a rare syndrome* that affects his muscles.*
terrain	Land of a particular type, especially when describing its physical features.	You need strong boots for this rocky terrain.
therapy	Treatment that helps someone with an illness, injury or mental problem.	After the accident, she had months of physical therapy.
tissue	A paper handkerchief, or the material that forms the parts of animals and plants.	Have you got a tissue? I need to blow my nose.
trait	A particular quality in someone's character.	Honesty is his best trait.
transplant	A medical operation in which an organ is moved from one person's body to another's.	She is waiting for a heart transplant.
tsunami	A very large wave caused by an earthquake under the sea.	The earthquake triggered a tsunami* that hit the coast.*
tuition	Teaching, especially to a small group or one person, or the money paid for it.	She gives private tuition* in maths after school.*
utility	A service such as gas, water or electricity that the public uses.	The rent includes all utilities* except the internet.*
vaccine	A substance put into the body to protect against a particular disease.	Scientists are working on a vaccine* against the new virus.*
vessel	A large boat or ship, or a tube that carries blood in the body.	The fishing vessel* returned to port before the storm.*
voter	A person who votes or has the right to vote in an election.	Many young voters* did not go to the polls.*
wildfire	A large fire that spreads quickly and is difficult to control, especially in the countryside.	The wildfire* destroyed thousands of hectares of forest.*
wrist	The joint between your hand and your arm.	She broke her wrist* when she fell off her bike.*
miserable	Very unhappy or uncomfortable.	I felt miserable* all week because of my cold.*
inhabitant	A person or animal that lives in a particular place.	The village has only two hundred inhabitants.
intermediate	At a level between beginner and advanced.	I'm in an intermediate* Spanish class.*
illustrate	To draw pictures for a book or magazine.	The children's book was illustrated* by a famous artist.*
participant	A person who takes part in an activity or event.	Each participant* in the race gets a T-shirt.*
pessimistic	Expecting bad things to happen.	He's very pessimistic* about the future of the planet.*
admittedly	Used to say that something is true although it makes your argument weaker.	Admittedly, the hotel was expensive, but the service was excellent.
measurement	A size or amount found by using an instrument such as a ruler.	The tailor took my measurements* for the new suit.*
moderate	Not too much and not too little.	Do moderate* exercise, such as walking, every day.*
astonished	Very surprised.	I was astonished* to see snow in May.*
consist	To be made of particular parts or things.	The team consists* of five players.*
similarly	In a way that is almost the same.	The two brothers dress similarly.

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